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In recent years, the European Union has been emphasizing the importance of strengthening its defence capabilities. This shift is partly a response to external pressures, such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine and concerns about U.S. military withdrawal from Europe. One strategy employed by the EU to bolster its defence industry is the "buy European" initiative, which aims to support local defence manufacturers by encouraging member states to purchase military equipment from within the EU. However, critics argue that this policy often translates into "buy French," benefiting French defence companies disproportionately.
At the heart of the EU's defence initiatives is the Security Action for Europe (SAFE) program, a €150 billion loan mechanism designed to facilitate defence investments among member states. This program is part of the broader ReArm Europe Plan/Readiness 2030, which seeks to rapidly increase EU defence capabilities by leveraging public funding, common procurement, and strategic partnerships[1][3].
The SAFE initiative provides loans on favorable terms, utilizing the EU's credit strength to support member states in acquiring defence equipment from EU-based manufacturers. However, this arrangement excludes products from companies outside the EU or from countries without specific security agreements with the EU. Notably, this restriction applies to non-EU defence giants like the United States and the United Kingdom, potentially limiting the diversity of available defence solutions for EU member states[1].
Critics argue that the "buy European" strategy inadvertently prioritizes French defence companies such as Thales, Naval Group, Safran, and Dassault. This is due in part to France's significant presence in the EU defence sector and the ownership structure of key companies like KNDS, which is partially controlled by French state holdings[1].
The drive for strategic autonomy in EU defence is fundamental to its ability to make sovereign decisions about security. However, this autonomy is complex, especially in the context of "buy European." While the policy aims to strengthen the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB), it also creates dependencies that could undermine long-term diversification and innovation[2].
Some experts argue that involving non-EU countries in defence initiatives could be beneficial for enhancing European security. Countries like the U.K. and Turkey have advanced defence industries and could contribute significantly to building a more robust and integrated European defence system[2].
The "buy European" initiative, though aimed at strengthening the EU's defence capabilities, faces challenges and criticisms. By predominantly favoring EU-based manufacturers, it inadvertently focuses on French defence companies, which may limit the diversity and innovation available in the global defence market. While the strategy supports local industries and aims to enhance strategic autonomy, its exclusive nature risks shortchanging the EU's long-term security interests by excluding non-EU partners who could provide cutting-edge technologies and strategic advantages.
As the EU continues to navigate its defense agenda, balancing domestic industrial support with global collaboration will be crucial for achieving a robust and sustainable defence framework.