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Materials
The aviation industry has witnessed a significant development as MTU Aero Engines, a leading engine manufacturer, has announced a strategic shift in its contribution to the EU Clean Aviation-funded SWITCH project. Initially focused on the Water Enhanced Turbofan (WET) concept, MTU is now pivoting towards heat-recuperation technology, marking a departure from its initial approach to engine efficiency enhancement. This change comes as the WET concept, which involved steam injection into the combustion chamber, failed to deliver the anticipated fuel savings despite promising reductions in NOx emissions and contrail formation.
The Sustainable Water-Injecting Turbofan Comprising Hybrid-Electrics (SWITCH) project is an ambitious initiative aimed at boosting the efficiency of next-generation geared turbofan (GTF) engines. Led by MTU Aero Engines, the project involves major industry players like Pratt & Whitney, Collins Aerospace, GKN Aerospace, Airbus, and several research institutions across Europe and the United States. The project's overall goal is to integrate two revolutionary technologies—WET and hybrid-electric propulsion—to significantly enhance engine efficiency and reduce emissions.
The WET concept was designed to utilize water and heat from the exhaust to generate steam, which would then be injected into the combustion chamber to improve efficiency and reduce emissions. However, despite promising theoretical benefits, practical tests revealed that the desired fuel savings could not be fully achieved. While the WET concept did demonstrate significant NOx reduction potential and contrail mitigation, its inability to meet efficiency targets led MTU to reassess its strategy.
MTU's decision to pivot towards heat-recuperation technology signals a new direction in its pursuit of engine efficiency. This approach focuses on harnessing exhaust gas heat to improve overall engine performance, a method that aligns with MTU's continued goal of developing a highly competitive next-generation GTF engine.
Following discussions with Clean Aviation, MTU has secured approval for the strategic shift and an extension of the first project phase until the end of 2026. This extension will allow continued research into the new direction, potentially paving the way for a subsequent joint second phase within the Clean Aviation framework.
While MTU adjusts its focus, other project partners continue their contributions unchanged. Pratt & Whitney remains integral, integrating hybrid-electric and WET systems into the GTF engine, including work on steam combustion technology. Collins Aerospace is providing megawatt-class electric motor generators and power electronics, critical for hybrid-electric propulsion. Airbus is supporting aircraft-level integration and performance evaluation, while GKN Aerospace is developing novel engine structures incorporating electric machines and heat exchangers.
The transition from WET to heat-recuperation technology marks a significant turning point in the SWITCH project. As aviation moves towards more sustainable propulsion systems, projects like SWITCH are crucial. Challenges remain, particularly in balancing efficiency gains with the added weight and complexity of new technologies. However, with continued innovation and collaboration, the sector is poised to make significant strides towards its net-zero emissions goal by 2050.
MTU's strategic shift in the SWITCH project underscores the dynamic nature of innovation in aviation technology. By embracing new solutions like heat-recuperation, the industry continues its quest for more efficient and environmentally friendly propulsion systems. As the SWITCH project evolves, it will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in shaping the future of sustainable aviation.